代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写

代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写   “Every individual tourist builds up or destroys human values while travelling” (Krippendorf, 1987, p.  109). The choices we make about travel and the way we interact with local people and other  travellers, make our travel experience what it is. Ecotourism and volunteer-tourism have a strong,  positive image, but we need to take responsibility for the positive and negative impacts of our travel  choices, rather than just accept the claims made by travel companies.  “Responsible tourism” is about taking responsibility for our travel experience to make places better  for people to live in and visit. The traveller’s desire to have a meaningful encounter with another  culture, through volunteering or ecotourism, is a good one, but tourists need to be warned against  purchasing experiences that may do more harm than good. “As the proverb says, “the road to Hell is  paved with good intentions” and unintended consequences are a major problem with ecotourism.  Ecotourism:  i)  History:  Ecotourism (also called sustainable tourism and responsible tourism) is an attractive idea. Jost  Krippendorf, one of the founders, saw the damage caused to his native country, Switzerland, by the  post-war tourist boom. He wanted to develop better tourism for locals and visitors alike, with “the  satisfaction of social needs: contact with other people and self-realization through creative activities,  knowledge and exploration” (Krippendorf, 1987, p. 74). Krippendorf predicted that tourists would  increasingly demand more satisfying and fulfilling travel experiences.  Professor David Fennell suggests that the concept of “ecotourism” evolved through operators  responding to demands for nature tourism, by emphasizing different elements of the product,  activity or experience (Fennell, 1999, p. 32). However, whereas “nature tourism” consists of any tour  where the enjoyment of nature is central – “ecotourism” is presented as something superior.  ii)  Definitions:  The idea of eco-tourism was simple: low-impact nature tourism would contribute to the costs of  conserving habitats and species and provide revenue to local communities, thus encouraging them  to “value and protect their wildlife heritage areas as a source of income” (Goodwin, 1996, pp. 277- 91). The current definition of “ecotourism”, promoted by the International Ecotourism Society, reads  “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the  local people, and involves interpretation and education”.  iii)  Problems:  However, the ecotourism ideal of, “Leave only footprints, take only photographs” has actually given  tourists permission to exploit. It costs local communities money to maintain protected areas and  sustain habitats and wildlife for tourists to visit. Nature tourism of any kind, assumes it is possible to  1 visit areas of natural beauty for free, which in turn suggests there is no reason to give money  towards maintenance or compensation to local people for taking away the natural resources they  depend on for hunting, building materials or saleable raw materials like timber or honey. The  International Ecotourism Society’s definition makes no mention of a financial contribution to the  cost of maintaining habitats and species, and eco-tourists rarely contribute more than regular  tourists visiting the area. To be distinctive, and to fulfil its promise, ecotourism needs to take  responsibility for communities, for example by making a significant contribution to livelihoods,  sufficient to deter poaching. It needs to fund conservation efforts and increase political support to  conserve habitats and wildlife.  iv)  An example of negative impacts:  The Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, provide a perfect example. Visitor numbers  increased from 40,000 in 1990 to 204,000 by 2013. These huge numbers of nature tourists, including  eco-tourists, have created economic opportunities which attract both legal and illegal practices.  Many people now seek development on the islands, which threatens the national park. Already the  代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写 electricity generation all impact the conservation of the island habitats and species. Moreover,  transportation of people and goods to the islands carries a serious threat of importing invasive and  destructive species (Benitez-Capistros, Hugé & Koedam, 2014). Between 2007-2010, the Galapagos  Islands were on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites and the World Heritage Committee  remains concerned about bio-security, the accidental introduction of species and “the continued  lack of effective response to rapid and uncontrolled tourism-related development”(UNESCO, 2010).   v)  Changing Expectations:  Ecotourism has failed to fulfil its promise to benefit habitats, wildlife and communities and deal with  the human/wildlife conflict. Travellers expect providers to ensure their trip is “sustainable” without a  high price tag. To be genuinely “responsible,” tourists must expect sustainability to be part of the  product and be prepared to pay for it.  Voluntourism (volunteer tourism):  i)  Definition:  Volunteer experiences have become increasingly popular since the mid-1980s. Governments see  public benefit in enabling young people to volunteer in developing countries, and thus support  groups like the Peace Corps and Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO). Hands Up Holidays is a UK tour  operator, which describes the “voluntourism” they offer as a “combination of volunteering and  2 sightseeing, enabling travellers to not only visit the scenic highlights of a destination, but also to  engage in a meaningful way with the people and/or environment, by giving back”. Volunteers are  recruited to give out bread or medicines or to clean beaches, as well as share in a structured  development programme with transparent monitoring of impacts.   ii)  Problems   代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写   bad practice.   iv)  Solutions:  Individuals planning to volunteer abroad should consider whether they could volunteer in the same  way at home. If they travel, they should assess training and supervision provided to protect the  vulnerable. Volunteers need to take responsibility and consider all the potential consequences, for  example children are particularly at risk. When a child forms an emotional attachment to a  volunteer, they will suffer a sense of rejection when the volunteer leaves. Volunteers must therefore  be responsible for this type of unplanned consequence.  Conclusions:  代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写